used by permission, 2 July 2014

Removing PMS larva

Swollen larva

White mummy

PMS larva spiralling up cell

Prepupa

PMS larva with varroa

Older darker diseased pupa

Coffee coloured larva

Holes on capping infected with AFB

Diseased pupa with tongue

Diseased larva

Bee chewing apart prior to emerging

AFB ropiness test

Cappings-of-brood-infected-with-AFB

Unfinished-cappings-of-healthy-brood